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KARABAGH: figures, facts, events and places.
ÒÀIROV (ÒÅR-GRIGORYANTS) VLADIMIR CHRISTOPHOR (1894-) Born on April 4, 1894 in Kharmenajug village (Hadrut Region of Nagorno Karabagh). An Army Commissar of 2nd Rank. For heroism and gallantry demonstrated in the battles Tairov was awarded with two Red Banner Orders. Tairov was the political commissar in the legendary army of Budionnie. He also worked as the military attache in the Embassy of the Soviet Union in China, and later he held an analogous position in the
ÒÀÌÀRA KHANUM (PETROSYAN TAMARA ARTEM) (1906) A People's Artist of the USSR. Born in 1906 in Fergana to a family from Artsakh. In 1927 she graduated from Moscow Central Theatrical College. In 1932 Tamara Khanum opened a ballet studio at the Music and Drama Theater of Uzbekistan. In 1935 Tamara Khanum participated in the World Festival of Folk Dance. In 1937 she joined the crew of the Uzbek Philharmonic Orchestra. She performed around 600 folk songs of various nations of the world in 62 languages. Tamara Khanum, a dancer, singer, choreographer, was awarded the State Prize of the USSR in 1941, and in 1956 she received the title of the People's Artist of the USSR. Tamara Khanum was awarded with 4 medals.
ÒÀKHTAJYAN ARMEN LEVON (1910) - A Soviet Armenian botanist.
Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Born in 1910 in Shushi
town. In 1932 Takhtajyan graduated from the Institute of Sub-Tropical Plants
in Tbilissi. During 1938-1948 he worked at Yerevan State University. From
1951 till 1955 he was with Leningrad University, and from 1954 he headed the
Department of Highest Plants of the Institute of Botany. Takhtajyan became
member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1971, and in 1968 he joined
the Association of German Naturalists. Takhtajyan is awarded with the Orders
of Red Banner and Friendship of Nations.
ÒÅR-GHUKASOV ARSHAK HARUTYUN (ÒÅR-GHUKASYAN) (1819-1881) Born in 1819
in Tiflis. His father was a clergyman from Shamhor village. A Lieutenant General.
Ter-Ghukasov began his military career as a commander of the 3rd battalion
of Apsheron Regiment. He participated in the Russian-Turkish War in 1877-1878.
Awarded with various Russian and foreign orders.
ÒÅR-SAHAKOV RUBEN TIGRAN (1906 - ) Born in February, 1906 in Tiflis
to a family from Shushi. A Major General. During the Great Patriotic War Ter-Sahakov
was actively involved in the organization of the anti-aircraft defense of
Transcaucasus. He headed the communications service in one of the military
districts. Ter-Sahakov held lead positions in the army for around 25 years.
ÒÎNYAN ARSHAK HOVSEP (1888-1949)- A doctor, professor.
Born in Banants Karahat village. A graduate of Gevorkyan Seminary in Echmiadzin.
In 1914 he graduated from the Department of Mathematics of the Galle University
in Germany summa cum laude. From 1921 Tonyan taught at Yerevan State University.
Owing to his efforts, the department of Physics and mathematics was established
at the same University.
ÒUMAN (ÒÎRGOM) GRIGOR TUMYAN (1879-1906) Born in 1879 in Shushi. A
participant of the liberation movement. From 1901 Tumyan served as an officer
in Alexandrapol. He organized "Whirlpool" brigade which constituted
22 voluntaries and moved to Sasun to help Andranik, Georg Chaush and others.
Tumyan died in the battle.
TARTAR (MIR-BASHIR) REGION: The lowlands which stretch
eastwards and southeastwards from Nagorno Karabagh cover a rather extensive
territory and reach the Kura and Arax rivers.
From the ancient times this region was inhabited by Armenians, the autochthons
of the Armenian highlands. The preserved pieces of culture left by the native
inhabitants date back as early as the 13th-14th centuries. No other traces
of the past have survived.
This is accounted for the fact that during the period of the Arabic sovereignty
the bulk of the Armenian population of the lowlands fled to the neighboring
mountainous and woody areas and the remaining Armenians settled in towns.
In the medieval ages the territory of the present Tartar Region was part of
Partav Province of historical Armenia. Accordingly, until the middle of the
19th century these areas constituted part of Barda-Basan Province. Kalankatuik,
one of the major and well-known settlements of the Eastern Lands of the medieval
Armenia was situated on the territory of the regional center Mir-Bashir. Before
the establishment of the Soviet power in the region the villages of Bekhum-Sarov,
Maralian-Sarov, Khorozlu or Gakhrilar, Karamanluili Bozlu, Namarlu, Turk-Sarov
were inhabited by Armenians.
The very few Armenian families were forcedly deported from the lowlands in
1988.
TURKEY: In September of 1918 Turkey occupied Baku and perpetrated
the massacre of over 30,000 Armenians, the main force of defense of the town.
Thus, the power was handed over to the Mousavatists.
TSAR: Throughout centuries the princely or melik residence Tsar was
noted by the Armenian medieval authors as "heavenly protected Tsar Fortress".
It is situated in the upper current of the River Tertu on the highest slope
of an acicular gulf-shaped plateau at the junction point of the Tertu and
its left-side tributary. Despite the fact that the name of Tsar Province is
more frequently mentioned in the medieval chronicles than Tsar Village, in
our opinion, the province was called by the name of the princely residence
and administrative center of Tsar Village. One of the earliest references
dates back to 1289.
There were four churches and a graveyard with khachkars (cross stones) in
Tsar, and two monasteries not far from the village. The invaluable cultural
monuments were cast to the mercy of the fate after the Armenian population
fled from Tsar.
In the late 1880s' Bishop Makar testified that there were numerous khachkars
and tombstones in the cemetery in the southern edge of the village which "were
barbarously broken or damaged by the iniquitous Kurds". After the establishment
of the Soviet power the extermination of the Armenian monuments assumed a
massive character, especially in the 1940-1950s'. During the said period two
of the four churches, two monasteries and the cemetery were entirely destroyed.
The ruins were used as a construction material for the schools and other buildings
of the Turkish-assimilated Kurdish villages of Zar and Chrag. Thus, in the
upper part of the northwestern corner of the school constructed in the 1950s'
in Tsar an ashlar with an inscription is laid in.
The former church was surrounded by an ancient graveyard where only a few
ornate cross stones have survived. One of the cross stones is installed on
a stepped base ( 2,60 õ 1,01 centimeters ) southwards the church entrance.
Only a small fragment of the big cross stone has survived (24 x 19 centimeters).
It is fixed into a window opening of the school. Two other small fragments
are built in a wall and another window opening of the same school.
Today very few of the tombs of the graveyard around the church have survived.
Thus, on the southern side of the graveyard a tombstone is installed on the
base of the house as a milestone. Judging from its carved crosses and inscription,
the stone belongs to the 16th - 17th centuries. Not far from the graveyard
there is a cross stone attributable to the 18th century in front of the entrance
of an old house. The cross stone is broken into two pieces. There are carved
birds on both upper sides of the cross.
A building of "Azarashen" style erected by a person by the name
of Avanes in 1658 is a rare piece of architecture in Tsar. Four of the columns
of the house are stone. It should be noted that until the 19th century the
building was known by the residents of Jraberd Province as the royal palace.
Definitely, royal edifices, and later, in the late medieval ages, melik houses
and palaces were erected in Tsar, the princely residence. Due to the severe
climatic conditions the aforementioned building of "Azarashen" style
bears specific features which are not characteristic of other melik residences.
Nevertheless, it is larger and wooden columns are replaced with stone ones.
Tsar was also a center of manuscript writing. A book of sermons created in
Tsar in 1684 is held in the Matenadaran, Armenian Institute of Old Manuscripts.
Like in the case of all other settlements, the "Armenian life" was
ceased in Tsar in the second quarter of the 18th century.
Starting from the middle of the 18th century Kurds of Parakhkanli (Farik)
tribe fled into the territory of Tsar. Only 100 years later these Kurds passed
to a settled society and resided in Tsar. As a matter of fact, Tsar which
is pronounced "Zar" in the Kurdish language was the most densely
populated settlement of the province. Thus, in 1908 the number of the cattle-breeders
reached 383. Thereafter, during the Soviet period Zar continued to hold a
lead position by the number of the population (yielding to the administrative
center of Karvachar). In1979 the Turkish-speaking Kurds of Zar were 1002.
The period of the Soviet power in Zar was notable first of all for the intentional
massive extermination of the monuments of culture created by the native inhabitants.
TURKISH AGGRESSION IN TRANSCAUCASUS IN 1918: In violation of the cease-fire
agreement concluded on December 5, 1917 in Yerznka town between the Transcaucasus
states (United Transcaucasus Committee) and Turkey, as well as the Brest-Lithuenian
Peace Agreement (March 3, 1918) Turkey broke into the territory of Transcaucasus
in the spring of 1918 and moved in two directions: Yerevan-Julfa-Nakhichevan
and Dilijan-Akstafa-Yelizavetpol-Baku. In early June the Turkish Army led
by Nuri-Pashi reached Yelizavetpol. The local detachments of self-defense
of the Armenians were disarmed, and the efforts of the Turks were concentrated
in the direction of Baku. During the period from July to August the Turkish
Army exterminated the entire Armenian population of Nukhi, Aresh, Shemakh
and Geokch Districts (over 50,000 people), robbed and destroyed the Armenian
villages. The Turkish troops broke through the resistance of the armed forces
of Baku which primarily comprised Armenians and after three abortive attempts
(on July 31, August 5 and 31) they took Baku on September 15, 1918.
TURKS: The Turks (in Russian sources referred to as "Caucasus
Tatars") first appeared in East Transcaucasus in the Medieval Ages. The
nomadic-based society of the Turks, and confessing Shiitism, small in number,
accounted for the absence of the state system and the lack of any political
role of the Turks in the region. Until the 1930s' the ethnic position in the
region was characterized by the stereotyped phrase "Moslems-Armenians".
TURKEY: In September of 1918 Turkey occupied Baku and perpetrating
the massacre of over 30,000 Armenians, the main force of resistance, passed
the power to the Mousavists.
THE ARMENIANS lived since the ancient times on the territory of the
former AzSSR which is the cradle of the Karabagh (right bank of the River
Kura) and Shemakh (left bank of the River Kura) dialects of the Armenian language.
Until the 19th century the local princes typically held their domains in the
form of independent or semi-independent states (kingdoms, principalities and
khanates) and were directly involved in the political economic and cultural
spheres of the region.
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